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The weather requirements of each force participating in a landing operation must be carefully considered, and aerological conditions must be chosen which contribute most to the over-all advantage of the force as a whole, rather than for the particular benefit of one particular unit.Īn Aerological Survey of the Western Mediterranean was completed in April 1943. The problem of forecasting the weather for each part of the combined operation presents difficulty, but the choice of a period when the requirements of the over-all operation are met is difficult in the extreme. Clear weather in order that supplies may be handled with maximum speed.Surf conditions as in landing operation.Clear weather in order that loading may be accomplished with maximum speed.Smooth seas to facilitate loading of supplies.A dark night in order to prevent detection. At the same time, landing craft cannot operate without swamping in a surf of over 7 feet.ģ.Sufficient surf to prevent grounding on false beaches and sandbars 80 to 100 yards offshore.Smooth seas in order to facilitate the loading of landing craft and hoisting out process.A surface wind of not more than moderate velocity.Favorable upper winds or an accurate knowledge of upper winds at time of jump in order that troops may land in the immediate vicinity of objective.Average or better flying conditions over objective in order that maximum air cover may be given invasion forces.Satisfactory operating conditions at home base.Upper-wind structure sufficiently favorable to permit maximum bomb loading.Clear weather or scattered clouds over target for maximum accuracy.Favorable bombing and bombardment weather.Any campaign on such a scale must be closely coordinated with the weather in order to be able to proceed with maximum efficiency and a minimum loss in personnel and material.Īn ideal weather sequence for a maximum strategic and tactical advantage to the combined forces can be summarized as follows: This operation must be followed immediately by the establishment of a force in enemy territory and consolidation of beachheads in the shortest possible time. A successful campaign must start with a preliminary operation designed to soften the enemy defences. The weather requirements of an amphibious force are extremely complex. The primary objective of these analyses is to assist those officers who are charged with the responsibility for the planning and execution of similar operations. It is hoped that these studies will afford a clear view of the use of weather information during the planning, strategical, and tactical phases of the operation, and that they will form a basis for a better understanding of the application of weather information in future operations. An effort has been made to reconcile these differences in order to provide an accurate account of the sequence of weather conditions as forecast for the Force Commander, to describe the actual weather conditions observed during the operation, and to give a practical explanation of these weather conditions. The material has been collated and presented in a semi-technical form with particular attention given to the operational aspects of weather.ĭuring the preparation of this study, it was found that weather data submitted by the various commands were occasionally at variance.
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The data on which these studies are based are taken from official documents and reports submitted to the Navy Department.
#Strategic management planning tools by m. scilly series#
This is one of a series of pamphlets dealing with the weather aspects of Naval and Amphibious Warfare.